Pennsylvania vs Vermont
A tax calculator says the difference is $2,722 a year. Once you count what a dollar actually buys in each, Pennsylvania is $3,074 ahead — $30,740 over 10 years.
Property tax is set by counties, not states. Inside Texas alone the rate varies six times over, so this is the single choice that changes the answer most.
Does it work everywhere in Vermont?
in what the money buys · $30,740 over 10 years
You need 4.7% more for the move to break even.
Who worked this out, and what it is built on
I build and maintain every comparison on this site — 1275 state pairs so far, on the same engine that runs the tax calculators for all 50 states and 3,143 counties. This is not a template with two names swapped into it: Pennsylvania and Vermont are run through the actual rules of each place, and if the numbers say the move is not worth it, that is what the page says.
Four sources, and one deliberate refusal. Federal figures from the IRS revenue procedure. State rates read one state at a time off each state’s own department of revenue. County property tax from the US Census Bureau. Cost of living from the Bureau of Economic Analysis Regional Price Parities, 2024 — and not from Numbeo or any other crowd-sourced index, because those are filled in by users, publish no methodology, and cannot be cited. That single choice is most of why the cost-of-living numbers here differ from everybody else’s.
When I get something wrong I publish the correction with the date and what it cost — including the two mistakes on these pages I found myself. Data last verified September 1, 2026.
Where to go from here
Almost nobody is choosing between exactly two places. These are the questions that usually come next, with the answer already attached so you can see which is worth opening.
Other moves involving Pennsylvania or Vermont
States that sit near Vermont on prices compared against Pennsylvania, and the mirror of that. The comparison you would run next.
- Minnesota vs Pennsylvania— Pennsylvania by $1,754
- Pennsylvania vs Texas— Texas by $3,716
- Pennsylvania vs Utah— Utah by $1,826
- Texas vs Vermont— Texas by $6,790
- Maine vs Vermont— Maine by $1,576
- Minnesota vs Vermont— Minnesota by $1,320
Each state on its own
The full detail behind each half of the comparison above.
The counties that decide it
Property tax is set by county, and the spread inside one state beats most state pairs.
- Bedford County, Pennsylvania— 0.81%, the cheapest
- Delaware County, Pennsylvania— 1.98%, the dearest
- Grand Isle County, Vermont— 1.36%, the cheapest
- Windsor County, Vermont— 1.98%, the dearest
Similar in price to Pennsylvania
States that sit next to Pennsylvania on the price index — often the comparison people should have run.
- Utah— 98.9 on prices
- Minnesota— 98.6 on prices
- Texas— 97.1 on prices
- Maine— 97 on prices
- Every Pennsylvania comparison— all 50
- Every Vermont comparison— all 50
- The nine states with no income tax— and what they charge instead
Pennsylvania and Vermont cost almost exactly the same, so this one really is about tax
Most comparisons on this site end up decided by the price level rather than the tax code. This pair is the exception: Pennsylvania indexes at 97.6 and Vermont at 98 on the Bureau of Economic Analysis price index — 0.4 points apart, which is close enough that the deflator barely changes anything.
So the tax difference survives into the answer almost intact. Take-home differs by $2,722 and purchasing power by $3,074 — Pennsylvania ahead either way, which is unusual enough to be worth stating. When someone tells you tax rates decide where you should live, this is the shape of pair they are imagining — 281 of the 1,275, so a little over one in five.
Where the two sit nationally: Vermont is the 23rd most expensive place to live of the 51 — the 50 states and the District of Columbia — and Pennsylvania is 24th. Housing, the component that moves most, is 85.1 against 86.5.
Grey columns are what a year of Pennsylvania and a year of Vermont are worth in the same money. The bars between them are each thing that changes, in the order it changes: green adds, amber takes away.
Where the money actually goes, line by line
Five separate taxes, and on this pair property tax is the biggest single difference — $1,652 against $1,070 for the income tax everybody quotes:
Federal income tax — $13,170 either way. Identical, because it is federal. Any comparison that shows a difference here is wrong.
FICA — $7,650 either way. Also federal, also identical.
State income tax — $3,070 in Pennsylvania, $4,140 in Vermont. A difference of $1,070.
Property tax — $5,179 in Pennsylvania, $6,831 in Vermont on a $400,000 home, at each state's median local rate. This is bigger than the income tax difference, and it runs the other way — which is the whole reason the headline number disappoints.
Local income tax — zero on both sides. Both Pennsylvania and Vermont keep income tax at the state level only, so the figures above are complete rather than approximations.
Total: $29,069 in Pennsylvania against $31,791 in Vermont — 29.1% and 31.8% of gross.
And Vermont housing costs 1.6% more
These two states cost almost the same to live in, which is why the tax difference survives into the answer. The index is the Bureau of Economic Analysis Regional Price Parity — official, published per state, 100 is the national average — and it is worth looking at the components even when the headline barely moves, because they can disagree with it.
Cheaper in Vermont than PennsylvaniaDearer in Vermont than Pennsylvania
Each bar is how far apart Pennsylvania and Vermont are on that component, and which way. Housing almost always runs several times wider than everything else — which is why a single blended index tells you very little.
All items — 97.6 in Pennsylvania, 98 in Vermont. A gap of 0.4 points.
Housing — 85.1 against 86.5. A gap of 1.4 points, 3.5× the headline gap. This is what people mean when they say somewhere is expensive.
Goods — 99.4 against 97.3, 2.1 points apart — wide for goods: across all 1,275 state pairs the median goods gap is 2.7 points against 24.9 for housing, so on this pair the shopping basket genuinely differs and not just the rent.
Utilities — 109.3 against 125.8. 16.5 points apart, close enough not to change a decision.
Which half of this reaches you depends on whether you buy. Renting, the real difference between Pennsylvania and Vermont is $1,410 a year — property tax comes out of your side entirely, and what is left is the price level. Buying a $400,000 home it is $3,074. So buying widens the gap by $1,664: the more house you own, the more this comparison is worth to you.
The number to take into a salary negotiation: $104,725
This is the question people are actually asking and almost nobody answers: what would I need to earn in Vermont to live exactly as well as I do on $100,000 in Pennsylvania?
$104,725. That is 4.7% more than you earn now. Anything less than $104,725 and the move costs you money however it is presented.
The dashed line is the salary you earn now. The solid line is what matches it in Vermont. If the relationship were a simple multiplier the two would be parallel — they are not, because brackets, the Social Security ceiling and a property tax that does not move with income all bend it.
The obvious shortcut fails here, and by a measurable amount. Scaling your salary by the ratio of price levels — $100,000 × 98/97.6 — gives $100,410. The answer is $104,725, so the shortcut is $4,315 too low: brackets, the Social Security ceiling and a property tax that ignores income all bend the line the shortcut assumes is straight.
The figure belongs to the two states and your income. On $40,000 the match in Vermont is $41,876, 4.7% above what you earn; on $250,000 it is $267,123, 6.8% above. The relationship bends by 2.2% across that range.
Over 10 years: $30,740
At $3,074 a year, 10 years in Pennsylvania comes to $30,740 — and the county choice inside Pennsylvania is worth $46,920 over the same period. Both are real; only one of them is in the headline.
At $3,074 a year of real difference, 10 years in Pennsylvania instead of Vermont is worth $30,740 in today's purchasing power — before compounding anything you might invest it in.
The line starts below zero because moving costs about $15,000 and lands entirely in year one. It takes until year 5 for the move to pay for itself. That is the figure a per-year comparison hides.
And it is slower to arrive than the annual figure suggests. Reckoning $15,000 for removal, fees and the cost of selling — an assumption this page makes, not a figure from a source — at $3,074 a year it takes 4.9 years to recover — so the annual figure only becomes yours from year 6.
At three horizons: $9,222 over three years, $30,740 over 10, $92,219 over thirty — and the three-year figure does not clear the cost of getting there.
None of those figures contains the one variable that could overturn them: the same job rarely pays the same in Pennsylvania and Vermont. That is what the $104,725 break-even above is for — it prices an offer instead of assuming the offer is identical.
Choosing the county matters more than choosing the state here
This comparison is worth $3,074 a year. Choosing where inside Pennsylvania to live is worth $4,692 a year on the same $400,000 home — 1.5 times as much.
Pennsylvania has 67 counties and the effective property tax rate runs from 0.81% in Bedford County to 1.98% in Delaware County. Move to the wrong county in the better state and you have given back more than the move gained you, twice over.
Which reframes the question. Rather than "Pennsylvania or Vermont", the decision that carries the money is which county inside Pennsylvania — and the answer is not visible on any comparison that stops at the state line. Set both in the calculator above and every figure on this page recomputes on your actual rates rather than two medians.
The same logic applies to the losing side: Vermont has counties cheaper than the median used here too, and for a reader who is staying put, moving county at home may be the better version of this decision.
Where every number here comes from
Four sources, each read off the body that publishes it:
US Bureau of Economic Analysis — Regional Price Parities by State and Metro Area, 2024 (released 19 February 2026) — read 2026-09-08. https://www.bea.gov/data/prices-inflation/regional-price-parities-state-and-metro-area
IRS — Revenue Procedure for the tax year (federal brackets, standard deduction and FICA) — read 2026-09-02. https://www.irs.gov/
Each state's own department of revenue (state income tax rates and deductions), verified one state at a time — read 2026-09-02. https://estimatetax.net/sources/
US Census Bureau, American Community Survey (county effective property tax rates) — read 2026-08-31. https://data.census.gov/
The cost of living index is the part worth checking, because it is where comparison sites usually reach for something crowd-sourced. The Regional Price Parities are produced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, cover every state and metro area, and are published with a methodology document. The figures here are the 2024 release and are not extrapolated forward.
And what this page does not model:
— The cost of living index is the BEA's Regional Price Parity for 2024, the most recent published. It is not extrapolated to the current year, and it is a state-wide average — inside a state, a metro area and a rural county differ by more than most state pairs do.
— Moving costs, state transfer taxes on buying a home, and the cost of selling the one you have are not included. On a short stay they can outweigh every annual difference on this page.
— Sales tax is not modelled. It is inside the BEA index — that is what a price parity measures — but it is not broken out separately here.
— The comparison assumes the same salary in both places unless you change it. In practice a job in a high-cost state usually pays more, which is exactly what the break-even figure is for.
— Health insurance, childcare and car insurance vary enormously by state and are only inside the index as averages. If any of the three is a large part of your budget, it deserves its own arithmetic.
Where to go next
Questions
- Is it cheaper to live in Pennsylvania or Vermont?
- Pennsylvania, by $3,074 a year in real purchasing power on $100,000 with a $400,000 home. The take-home difference is only $2,722; the rest comes from the cost of living, where Pennsylvania indexes at 97.6 and Vermont at 98 against a national average of 100.
- How much do I need to earn in Vermont to match $100,000 in Pennsylvania?
- $104,725 — 4.7% more. That accounts for federal tax, FICA, state tax, property tax and the price level in each state.
- What are the taxes in Pennsylvania vs Vermont?
- On $100,000: state income tax of $3,070 in Pennsylvania against $4,140 in Vermont, and property tax of $5,179 against $6,831 on a $400,000 home at median county rates. Federal tax and FICA are identical in both — $13,170 and $7,650 — so any comparison showing a difference there is wrong.
- Does Vermont really have lower property tax?
- That depends entirely on the county, which is why a state-level answer is not much use. Vermont runs from 1.36% in Grand Isle County to 1.98% in Windsor County — 1.5 times, or $2,480 a year on a $400,000 home. The median is 1.71%.
- How much is the difference over 10 years?
- $30,740 in today's purchasing power, at $3,074 a year. That excludes moving and housing transaction costs, which land in year one and can outweigh everything else on a short stay.
- Where does your cost of living data come from?
- The Bureau of Economic Analysis Regional Price Parities for 2024, an official index covering every state and metro area with a published methodology. Not a crowd-sourced database — and it comes broken into housing, goods, utilities and services, which matters because housing moves several times more than anything else.